To examine the effects of disclosure, similarity, equity, and social exchange on satisfaction with a relationship and liking for ones partner over time, 39 pairs of previously unacquainted roommates completed questionnaires at the beginning and end of the school year measuring liking and satisfaction, self disclosure, similarity, equity, and. Further, much of the research studied selfdisclosure as a personality trait rather than a process of communication or analyzed exchanges of messages in terms of a. Social penetration theory describes the role of disclosure in relationship development, focusing specifically on how self. Psychologists have recently given considerable attention to the study of relationship and friendship development, but the contributing social processes have not been examined in relation to each other over time. Journal of experimental social psychology 14, 466479 1978 three theories of selfdisclosure exchange steven jay lynn indiana. The study found that relationship building, enjoyment and trust in service providers are positively related to selfdisclosure, while perceived anonymity of self and perceived risk are negatively related to selfdisclosure. Social penetration theory carpenter major reference. Social exchange theory set is one the most influential conceptual paradigms in organizational behavior. We form more intimate connections with people with whom we disclose important information about ourselves. Social penetration theory theory that states we engage in a reciprocal process of self disclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship progresses. In rela tionships, rewards are any resource to which a person can attach value, for example. Also, the theory involves economic relationships, it occurs when each party have goods that the other parties value. Trust was significantly related to cohesion and cohesion was.
Among the four social benefits of selfdisclosure in microblogging, we found that users perceived opportunities to build relationships when microblogging and the enjoyment derived from microblogging are positively related to selfdisclosure. Data were collected from 441 microblogging users, employing an online survey. Privacy, disclosure, and social exchange theory escholarship. According to social penetration theory, self disclosure should follow certain stages, moving from the superficial layers to the central layers gradually. Despite its usefulness, theoretical ambiguities within set remain.
Selfdisclosing communication journal of communication. However, considering that the sns users are increasingly culturally diverse, motivating this audience to self disclose requires understanding of their cultural. Window pane model to explain the develop ment of human relationship. The model was tested empirically using a sample of 405 social. Therefore, selfdisclosure is considered as a social exchange in the context of ongoing relationships emerson, 1976. Social penetration theory is rooted in a social exchange framework e. Selfdisclosure is measured in terms of amount, depth. How we share, what we share, and when we share are just a few of the factors that can influence whether our selfdisclosure is effective and appropriate. Social exchange theory is based on an economic framework in which resources, or rewards and costs, are transferred.
We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis cfa with four variables selfdisclosure, social attraction, predictability, and trust. Selfdisclosure is measured in terms of amount, depth, honesty, intent, and valence of disclosure. A social exchange theory perspective zilong liu ab, qingfei ming a, qingguo zhai c, russell smyth d a faculty of management and economics, dalian. Selfdisclosure definition selfdisclosure refers to the process of revealing personal, intimate information about oneself to others. We expect self disclosure to be reciprocal and appropriate. Social network sites snss rely exclusively on usergenerated content to offer engaging and rewarding experience to its members.
As a consequence, testsofthemodel,aswellasitsapplications,tendtorelyonanincompletely specifiedsetofideas. Relational closeness can progress from superficial to. Selfdisclosure is considered a key aspect of developing closeness and intimacy with others, including friends, romantic partners, and family members. Communication privacy management cpm, social penetration theory. How we share, what we share, and when we share are just a few of the factors that can influence whether our self disclosure is effective and appropriate. Exchange ideology also strengthens the effects of equal opportunity and attitudes i. Social exchange theory iowa state university digital repository. Selfdisclosure is the act of revealing details about ourselves to o thers. This set of theoretical ideas re presents the core of homans ver sion of. To examine the effects of disclosure, similarity, equity, and social exchange on satisfaction with a relationship and liking for ones partner over time, 39 pairs of previously. At the same time, selfdisclosure especially on social media involves inherent risks.
In social exchange, selfinterest is not a negative thing. This set of theoretical ideas represents the core of homans version of social exchange theory. Social exchange and selfdisclosure between roommates. Later, sociologists peter blau and richard emerson further developed the theory.
Understanding the social exchange theory with realworld examples. The onion model serves as a framework for describing the process of social penetration. Social exchange theory is an important social psychology concept that concerns social changes as a process of interactive exchanges between different people. Building on social exchange theory blau, 1964, trust is a way to reduce uncertainty. Social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. In association with an extensive examination of the disclosure. Understanding the social exchange theory with realworld. Chapter 6 differences in social exchange between intimate and. They claim that partners in relationships strive to maximise rewards things like companionship, praise, emotional support, sex and minimise costs stress, arguments, compromises, time commitments. Social exchange theory has served as a theoretical foundation to explain different situations in business practices. Finally, the limitations of present findings dealing with responsiveness and self disclosure will be noted, and directions for future investigation.
Anonymity is known to increase selfdisclosure, both in of. According to this theory, developed by sociologist george homans, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships. Selfdisclosure and perceived trustworthiness of airbnb. Selfdisclosure is a remarkably complex communication process that has a powerful impact on how our relationships with others form, progress, and endure. A model to evaluate the effectiveness of collaborative. It progresses to the point called selfdisclosure, where the individuals share. Self disclosure is a central concept in social penetration theory proposed by altman and taylor 1973. Social penetration theory thu huynh shanta dahal 2. Social penetration theory states that as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of selfdisclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship develops. Self disclosure research in online communities is just starting to emerge.
Selfdisclosure and social exchange theory pers core. Although the efa gives an idea of dimensionality, cfa, as the name implies, essentially focuses on whether a hypothesized factor model does or does not fit the data. Selfdisclosure psychology wiki fandom powered by wikia. While social exchange theory is found in economics and psychology, it was first developed by the sociologist george homans, who wrote about it in a 1958 essay titled social behavior as exchange. Self disclosure is an important building block for intimacy, intimacy can not be achieved without it. Exchange specific self disclosure, social self disclosure, and personal selling. This article introduces the functional model of selfdisclosure on social network sites by integrating a functional theory of selfdisclosure and res. This paper examines the influence of social benefits and costs on self disclosure in the context of microblogging in china. This theory is often used within the business world to explain and analyze commercial transactions. Self disclosure can be assessed on an analysis of cost and rewards which can be further explained by social exchange theory. I use social exchange theory set as the theoretical framework for this inquiry because the transfer of personal information in exchange for a service is an. We then quantitatively show how predictions from urt and signaling theory apply to this case, revealing that an.
A model that relates both types of selfdisclosure to consumers trust in a salesperson, consumers satisfaction with a salesperson, consumers attraction to a salesperson, and consumers commitment to future. In recent years, social penetration theory has been the focus of many online studies,14,16,17,2427 and has been applied to, or adapted, in the context of online relationship studies, such as sexual selfdisclosure, online friendships, 14 and online social networks. Social penetration theory amanda carpenter and kathryn greene rutgers university, usa social penetration theory was developed to explain how information exchange functions in the development and dissolution of interpersonal relationships. The third stage of social penetration theory is affective exchange, in which. Selfdisclosure is hypothesized to serve as a source of immediate costs and rewards as well as a means for forecasting future costs. Social penetration theory states that as we get to know someone, we engage in a reciprocal process of self disclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship develops. In this study, we examined the effects of social benefits and costs on selfdisclosure.
Social penetration theory, selfdisclosure, uncertainty reduction theory, and relational dialectics theory. Social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. The nature of social exchange in close as compared with not as close relationships may differ in other ways as well. Social penetration theory author definition onion metaphor selfdisclosure breadth and depth rewards and costs 5 stages of a relationship 4. Self disclosure is measured in terms of amount, depth, honesty, intent, and valence of disclosure. Spt is a theory about the development of relational closeness. Social penetration and selfdisclosure flashcards quizlet. Twentythree percent of the participants were freshmen, 25% were sophomores, 39% were juniors, and % were seniors. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. They claim that partners in relationships strive to maximise rewards things like companionship, praise, emotional support, sex and minimise costs stress. Social exchange theory grew out of the intersection of economics, psychology and sociology. Self disclosure can be assessed by an analysis of cost and rewards which can be further explained by social exchange theory. Apr 26, 2012 social network sites snss rely exclusively on usergenerated content to offer engaging and rewarding experience to its members. Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the social.
The results showed that social exchange had a significant impact on trust, but selfdisclosure did not. Social psychologists thibault and kelly 1959 describe romantic relationships using the economic terminology of profit rewards and loss costs. Communication privacy management cpm, social penetration theory spt, social exchange theory set and the johari. Spt, social exchange theory set and the johari window pane.
Selfdisclosure has a unique importance for therapists working psychotherapeutically with patients who hold particular religious or spiritual beliefs. Social penetration describes the process of bonding that moves a relationship from superficial. According to hormans 1958, the initiator of the theory, it was developed to understand the social behavior of humans in economic undertakings. Nonetheless, rapid self disclosure of intimate layers is a norm in reality tv shows, and unlike in interpersonal interactions, viewers prefer early intimate disclosure and such disclosure. According to social penetration theory, selfdisclosure should follow certain stages, moving from the superficial layers to the central layers gradually. This paper examines the influence of social benefits and costs on selfdisclosure in the context of microblogging in china. Designmethodologyapproach building upon social exchange theory and privacy calculus theory, an integrated model was developed. The impact of exchange modes on interemployee knowledge sharing pdf. This theory claims that by gradually revealing emotions and experiences and listening to their reciprocal sharing, people gain a greater understanding of each other and display trust. Proposing the online community selfdisclosure model. Users were required to complete a survey regarding selfdisclosure behaviors in facebook. Pdf on jan 1, 2016, zilong liu and others published selfdisclosure in chinese microblogging.
At its most basic, social exchange theory may be viewed as providing an economic metaphor to social relationships. However, social norms govern appropriate self disclosure. It has contributed to the study of organizationstakeholder relationships and relationship marketing. Social exchange theory posits that all human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective costbenefit analysis and the comparison of alternatives. Social penetration theory theory that states we engage in a reciprocal process of selfdisclosure that changes in breadth and depth and affects how a relationship progresses. Spt, social exchange theor y set and the johari window pane model. The model was tested empirically using a sample of 405 social networking sites users.
A persons expectations, as set by comparison levels, allow the theory to be viewed on a sliding scale, one that adjusts on an individual basis. Social exchange theory posits that human relationships are formed by the use of a subjective costbenefit. Therefore, self disclosure is considered as a social exchange in the context of ongoing relationships emerson, 1976. The investment model proposed by caryl rusbult is a useful version of social exchange theory. Most self disclosure usually occurs early in relational. Conceptualizations of selfdisclosure differ in important ways, making it difficult to compare studies. Social exchange theory suggests that these calculations occur in romantic. We qualitatively develop a categorization scheme that characterizes the primary selfdisclosure topics in these pro. Apr 20, 2018 the theorys core assumptions establish a fundamental foundation within social exchange theory one size does not fit all. The most importa nt factor in the develop ment of human relationship is disclosure. Intimacy and self disclosure social penetration refers to the process of relationship bonding whereby. Information about the openaccess article a model to evaluate the effectiveness of collaborative online learning teams selfdisclosure and social exchange theory perspective in doaj. Our model is based on social exchange theory set and social. Following this presentation of the concept of responsiveness, various aspects of self disclosure and findings in the self disclosure literature will be examined as they relate to responsiveness.
Most self disclosure occurs early in relational development, but more intimate self disclosure occurs later. As a result, stimulating user communication and self disclosure is vital for the sustainability of snss. This is what the social exchange theory says, and psychologenie explains this with some of its realworld examples. Selfdisclosure and privacy calculus on social networking. Exchangespecific selfdisclosure, social selfdisclosure. Anonymity, intimacy and selfdisclosure in social media. Apr 07, 2015 the purpose of this paper is to examine the relative impacts of perceived cost, perceived benefits, and social influence on selfdisclosure behaviors in social networking sites under an integrated theoretical framework. Selfdisclosure and perceived trustworthiness of airbnb host.
Selfdisclosure is one way to make adolescent clients feel honored and respected rather than judged and patronized. Nonetheless, rapid selfdisclosure of intimate layers is a norm in reality tv shows, and unlike in interpersonal interactions, viewers prefer early intimate disclosure and such disclosure. Pdf three theories of selfdisclosure exchange steven lynn. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relative impacts of perceived cost, perceived benefits, and social influence on selfdisclosure behaviors in social networking sites under an integrated theoretical framework. As a result, stimulating user communication and selfdisclosure is vital for the sustainability of snss. The selfdisclosures of customers and salespeople can be either exchangespecific i. Differences in social exchange between intimate and other relationships 105 to be intrinsically rewarding and the length of the relationship. The fundamental difference between economic exchange and social exchange theory is in the way actors are viewed. Irwin altman and dalmas taylor 1973 authored the first systematic theory of self. Pdf three theories of selfdisclosure exchange steven. The theory also argues that people in a relationship balance needs that are sometimes in tension, which is a dialectic. Social penetration theory wordpress network rutgers university. Eric ed227435 social exchange and selfdisclosure between. Self disclosure is a remarkably complex communication process that has a powerful impact on how our relationships with others form, progress, and endure.
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